Firstly, the closer you can focus, the larger the image will be in the frame.
Tubes alter the minimum focus distance, so you can get "really" close, especially if you stack the tubes. Problem is though, the closer you get, the more difficult it is to light the subject well.
The close up filters act as a magnifying lens, but also slightly alter the minimum focus distance.
Both methods, have a similar effect, in that the image will fill more of the sensor. The ratio of the actual subject size to the actual size of the image on the sensor gives us an apparent magnification; so if it the same size it would be 1:1, half size would be 1:2, twice size would be 1:0.5.
The numbers I gave should be read as
5T give a magnification ratio of 1:2.8 (between half and third size) at a new minimum focus distance of 19.7 cm (I think the minimum focus distance of the canon kit lens is 28cm? I looked it up earlier, but can't remember now).
36mm of extension tube (the usual largest in a set of 3, though to get this with canon tubes you would have to stack the two smaller tubes) gives a magnification ratio of 1:1.10 (nearly same size) as a new minimum focus distance of 11.6 cm.
Those numbers are the figures given out by the calculator in the link above, so we have to trust they are accurate.