Oscillating Decline
In this model, constrained or declining oil production leads to an escalation in oil (plus
other energy and food) prices. But economies cannot pay this price for a number of
reasons. Firstly, it adds to energy and food price inflation, which are the most non-
discretionary purchases. This means discretionary spending declines, from which follows
job losses, business closures, and reduced purchasing power. The decline in economic
activity leads to a fall in energy demand and a fall in its price. Secondly, for a country
that is a net importer of energy, the money sent abroad to pay for energy is lost to the
economy unless we export goods of equivalent value. This will drive deflation, cut
production, and reduce energy demand and prices. Thirdly, it would increase the trade
deficits of a country already struggling with growing indebtedness, and add to the cost of
new debt and debt servicing.
Falling and volatile energy prices mean new production is harder to bring on stream,
while the marginal cost of new energy rises and credit financing becomes more difficult.
It would also mean that the cost of maintaining existing energy infrastructure (gas
pipelines, refineries etc) would be higher, so laying the foundations for further reductions
in production capability.
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In such an energy constrained environment, one would also expect a rise in geo-political
risks to supply. Bi-lateral arrangements between countries to secure oil (or food) become
more likely, so reducing oil on the open market. It would also increase the inherent
vulnerability to highly asymmetric price/supply shocks from state/non-state military
action, extreme weather events, or other so-called black swan events.
When oil prices fall below what can be supplied above the marginal cost of production
and delivery, and oil price is what can be afforded in the context of decreased purchasing
power in the economy, the energy for growth is again available. Of course local and
national differences (for example energy import dependence, export of key production
such as food) could be expected to have shifted how regions have fared in the recession
and in their general ability to pick up again. Growth then might be assumed to kick off
again, focusing maybe on more „sustainable‟ production and consumption.
However, as growth returns, the purchasing power of the economy will not be able to
return to where it was before. Natural decline limits to oil production, lack of investment
and entropic decay of infrastructure will reduce the supply-demand price point further.
Again higher oil, food and energy prices would then drive another recession.
In the oscillating decline model: economic activity increases→energy prices rise→a
recession occurs→energy prices fall→economic activity picks up again but to a lower
bound set by declining oil production. In this model the economy oscillates to a lower
and lower level of activity. From our discussion about the origins of the current recession,
we see this process has already begun.