With a properly done remap the idea is to change the power and torque curves - remove spikes and make the car 'feel' more driveable. Generally speaking peak torque will be moved lower down the rev range and will peak higher. The boost is turned up along with various other fuelling parameters to give the bhp increase but this, imo isn't the main benefit of having a diesel car remapped - my car doesn't feel like other civics that peak then hits a brick wall at 3k rpm, rather feeling like the power now keeps building. Don't get me wrong it's still a diesel motor and has only 180bhp so it doesn't turn from a reasonable performer into an m3 chaser, but is much nicer to drive and gives a real in gear giggle.
It undoubtedly puts more strain on components especially if you're giving it the beans everywhere - I don't but I'm also prepared to change the turbo earlier than might otherwise be expected and although the car had a new clutch in 2010 and 25kish ago it would not be a shock to be if it didn't last 60-100k. I'm not saying either of these things will happen, but it's a possibility - especially with the already ropey clutch on the civics
Go in with eyes open and remapped cars are great, if you believe the rolling road printouts (I don't but they are useful for showing that an increase has been achieved and to see the way the power curves change), think you'll instantly achieve 5mpg more and that nothing will break then you'll only be left disappointed.