Yes you can do it in Windows 10, but it's a hidden feature you can't access through the Control Panel normally. Quite easy though.
First prepare the two images you want as wallpapers, one for 1440p and the other for 1080p.
Next, hit the Windows Key + R to bring up the Run box.
Now type the following into the Run box:
control /name Microsoft.Personalization /page pageWallpaper
You'll get a Desktop background dialogue that allows you to set the wallpaper. If you right click on an image you will be offered the options
Set for all monitors
Set for monitor 1
Set for monitor 2
This definitely works, I have two different wallpapers on my 1440p and 1200p monitors.