Does SATA cable quality affect data transfer rate etc?

Nope. A dodgy connection at one end might do if there's some form of error checking involved.

Otherwise the cable is short enough that too little deterioration can occur to prevent the device at the other end accurately determining the sequence of high and low voltages. The joys of binary, you can clean the signal up as good as new as long as it's not too knackered on arrival. There's probably a maximum length detailed in the spec somewhere.
 
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