From the command line on the machine use the command netstat -a. Everything with the state listening is an open port if you use -n as well it will display everything in IP addresses and port numbers rather than named services.
Failing that you could get hold of nmap and do a port scan on the IP. As for what ports are open by default it depends upon what is installed on the machine in question. Normally windows file and print sharing 135-139 TCP/UDP and 445 TCP as well to start with on a machine running windows.
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