Hi there,
With networking kit it is usually the devices on either end of the cable which will be limiting the network performance - though the cable can be an issue if it is a very long run or not a great cable.
First thing, your motherboard supports Gigabit (1Gb/s) ethernet networking. For faster speeds (like the 10Gb/s you mentioned) you would need a compatible add-in card on the PC end (these are currently rather expensive since they are cutting-edge tech that is mainly used in servers).
On the router/switch end you will either have a 100Mb/s or 1Gb/s connection. This will be the limit of your network transfer - if the route/switch only supports 100Mb/s then that will be the maximum speed (no matter how fast your PC network card and network cable are).
Cat 5e cable (usually the cheapest networking cable you can find to buy) will support Gigabite (1Gb/s) transfer speeds. Though once you go to standards that are much faster than this (like the 10Gb/s) then you will need Cat 6 cable.
