Our study provides the first evidence of a successful replacement of an entire and fully functioning organ in an adult body through the transplantation of bioengineered organ germ, reconstituted by single cell manipulation in vitro. Our study therefore makes a substantial contribution to the development of bioengineering technology for future organ replacement therapy. Further studies on the identification of available adult tissue stem cells for the reconstitution of a bioengineered tooth germ and the regulation of tooth shape will help to achieve the realization of tooth regenerative therapy for missing teeth
