Depends on the satellite and the technology in use
Microwaves are often used for transmissions between dishes, weather satellites generally use passive visible, UV, Near-IR and Far-IR sensors. GPS appears to use radio frequencies too, although a different waveband to your wifi, which is 2.4GHz whilst GPS uses a range of frequencies between 1GHz and 2GHz.
Depends on the controller. Most controllers on new motherboards have 4 SATA ports, and some boards have multiple controllers!