Roaming profiles are pointless on 1:1 deployments, which is pretty much all deployments these days. For genuine multiple users to a machine deployments use VDI.
The local profile should work fine on the laptop and the domain login details should absolutely be cached so that it works when not on the network - it sounds like a GPO is actively preventing that from happening.
This is a possibility. To be honest everything is a huge mess at this company. I've only been here 3 months. They had outsourced their IT support prior to this and the guy was coming in once a week to do a few hours work. So everything from processes to hardware to the state of their active directory is an absolute mess.
There where about 4 offline files GPO in AD. I disabled them all and created my own but couldn't get it to work. Or rather.... I did get offline files turned on, but it didn't solve the issue I was having that when not connected to the domain the profile wasn't loading.
So I must be looking at the wrong GPO.
Plus all my experience prior to this was in a Linux/LDAP environments so Windows server and GPO are mostly new to me.
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The other thing to note is, this company does not have the same sort of spending power as my previous company. Where my previous company would spend 750k on new servers we have spent 13k on upgrading our network. My previous company would chomp through ipads, iphones and macbooks like sweets and throw out perfectly good PC's because they had the smallest of faults.
Here they are clinging on to old hardware and I am doing my best on a budget to rejuvenate the network.
We don't have a big need for expensive solutions and the money wouldn't be approved anyway. Plus if I can avoid setting up VPN's and VDI desktop environments that would be great as I primarily was brought in to help out the Linux admin not spend all my time providing support to end users.
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So just so we are on the same page, your saying by attaching the laptop to the domian and logging in to the laptop for the first time, if the user then went out of the office and tried to login to the laptop again it will load the users profile (desktop files/folders etc...) using the locally cached profile?
Because this is the thing that isn't working.
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My solution at present is going to be creating a local profile on the laptop not attach the laptop to the domain and then the user can transfer stuff they need to the laptop manually and use the laptop as if it is not part of our domain at all.
They only really need it for web based stuff anyway, but the CEO is a different story.