If you're using headphones rear connectors apparently aren't intended for use with them in most boards.
As for plugging thing PC's audio connectors have switches, which detect plug insertion and give signal from that to sound chip.
But I don't think hardware level problem in that should cause such problem.
Though digital devices like PCs can do three things, work, not work, or do who knows what.
Disabling automatric driver updatemessing of Wintoys10 would be one thing to try.
You never know what bad/buggy drivers it insists forcing.
It's after all Microsoft, who uses paying customers as unpaid alpha testers, because having own actual testing department was too outdated.
And you definitely overspent of that.
Entirely good enough boards for any AM4 CPU would have been available for £200 level either saving difference, or leaving it for something else giving actual extra/long lasting value for money.