hmmm, not sure about a book but i'm sure we could all help you out.
Basically there are the following types of lenses...
Ultra wide angle zoom(eg.10-20mm sigma or 10-22mm Canon), these are designed to fit more of a scene into the picture, a wider field of view than normal, they are also great for architecture and indoor shots.
Wide angle zoom (eg, Canon 18-50mm etc. These are classed as your everyday 'walkabout lens', as they are ideal for walking about with, not too heavy and great for general purpose shots around town, wide enough for landscapes and you can zoom in a little to capture more detail in a scene, also useful for capturing people etc.
Telephoto zoom (eg. 70-200mm) These are great for motorsports and other sports, can be used at the wide end for portraits etc, not really suitable for everyday use as you won't get much of a scene into a single image, but don't let that put you off.
Super telephoto zoom (100-400mm, 170-500mm etc). This kind of lens lends itself perfectly to nature photography as you can oom right in on animals without disturbing them too much, also useful for getting close to a subject that's quite far away.
Macro lens (eg.Canon 100mm F/2.8 Macro) The most important thing to remember here is not to get mixed up with a dedicated macro lens and a lens that claims i has a macro mode, general rule of thumb is dedicated macro lenses are ALWAYS Prime lenses (see next section), with the exception of the Canon MP-E65 which has a kind of zoom range from 1:1 (lifesize) to 5:1 (5xlifesize). A Sigma 75-300 macro is not a true macro lens, but because it can get over 1/4 to life size it's classed as having a macro function, same with any lens that can get to 1/4 lifesize. The sigma 17-70 F/2.8-4 can get to half lifesize which can be useful.
Prime lenses (eg. 50mm F/1.4 /1.8, 85mm F/1.4 etc) Prime lenses are fantastic if you can live with the single focal length, i.e they have no zoom, they are light, but also VERY sharp due to having less glass for the light to get through, as mentioned about, all dedicated macro lenses are primes too.
Fisheye lens, There are a few fish eye lenses, usually under 8mm, they give a distorted image, kind of like a 'fisheye' effet, i'm sure you can google it.
Tilt shift lens (canon TS-E24) These are weird lenses, you can offset the lens to offer the focus point to any point in the image, google again to find out exactly what it does. These are useful for product photography.
