The 4 races all start the same now I believe, apart from their racial frigate skill. The best thing to know is that no matter what race you choose you can fly ALL the ship classes in the game. All it takes is buying and learning the appropriate skill.
There are two main types of defense in Eve (we'll leave speed and hull at home

) armour and shield. There are a lot of sub-genres in those two as well like full passive, semi-passive, active, buffer etc. Personally currently armour tanking is probably the better option for the larger ships like Battleships whereas shield tanking seems to be the better option for sub BS classes (with notable exceptions).
The reasin is that on sub BS ship module slots are fairly limited and without special modules to increase damage output the ships do mediocre damage. So a lot of ships evolved to use their low slots for damage increasing modules and their midslots for modules to increase their shield hit point buffers letting them take a lot of damage over a short amount of time and allowing them to get as much damage out as possible.
In this respect I would say focus on shield tech skills (engineering tree) focus on minmatar ships, they have great frigates, cruiser, battlecruisers, focus on projectile weapons (this is the class of weapon minmatar ships get bonuses for) you can also use the shield skill on their battleships if you need a mission runing ship.
Talking about missions, the syle of play and fits differ vastly between PvP and PvE, in PvP you will generally encounter massive "burst" damage, so you want as many hitpoihnts as poss to soak up the damage, and to put out as much damage as possible in a short space of time. Which is why many ship fits are low slot damage modifiers and mid slot shield hit point increasing modules. Overall DPS tanking is redundant in most PvP.
But in missions the burst damage is much lower typically and long term tanking is much more viable as you have intel and the ability to permanently soak up the enemies damage (enemies do a set amount of damage in the form of a set type of the 4 damage types, kinetic, explosive, thermal and EM. There are websites and resources dedicated to informing you of what enemies do what damage type and amount. That way you can use modules to increase the resistances of your shields, or armour lowering the amount of damage needing to be repaired by things like active shield hardeners.
The downside to active tanking is that the modules that repair the hitpoints require energy from your ships capacitor, if your active systems are drawing too much power, you will run out of capacitor energy and they will stop working and you will die

In that respect the engineering skill that say things like energy in the title tend to increase the regeneration and total amount your ship has, they are some of the most important skill in game imo.
Either way you will need some method of making ISK in game, most people start off by doing missions over and over until they get to the level 4 missions which will net them quite a lot of ISK, however it requires a good level of skill training time to be invested into the skills for you to run level 4s fairly risk free and many skills and points you put into doing missions may not translate over into PvP
Man there's so much to write and I have poor grammatical skills

Myself and all the player on here will happily try to answer your questions though

I wouldn't wish posting question on the official forums on my worst enemies. The Eve-O forums are a cess pool of morons.