Cold War
Hell and High Water 1954 — a World War II surplus Japanese submarine
On the Beach 1959, 2000 — a fictional USS Sawfish
The Atomic Submarine 1959 — a fictional USS Tiger Shark
Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea 1961 — a fictional USOS Seaview (science fiction/fantasy)
The Bedford Incident - 1965
The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming 1966 — a fictional Soviet submarine Спрут (comedy)
Ice Station Zebra 1968 — a fictional USS Tigerfish (SS-509) (In the novel: USS Dolphin)
Assault on the Wayne, 1971 fictional missile submarine USS Wayne (also named in The Spy Who Loved Me)
The Spy Who Loved Me — 1977 American, British and Soviet submarines
Gray Lady Down 1978 — a fictional USS Neptune
The Fifth Missile 1986 — a fictional USS Montana
Full Fathom Five 1990 — a fictional USS Aspen versus the "Alpha Victor Three class submarine CCCP Kirov"
The Hunt for Red October 1990 — a fictional Red October (Красный Октябрь), USS Dallas (SSN-700)
Silent Service 1995 — Japan's first nuclear powered submarine (anime)
Down Periscope 1996 — a fictional USS Stingray (SS-161) (comedy)
Hostile Waters 1997 — K-219
K-19: The Widowmaker 2002 — K-19
Post Cold War
Crimson Tide 1995 — USS Alabama
Sub Down: Take the Dive 1997
Phantom, the Submarine 1999 — Korea's fictional first nuclear submarine ROKS Yuryong (its name means "the Phantom"), former Russian Sierra-class submarine.
Danger Beneath the Sea 2001
Phantom Below 2005
Source
EDIT: not from the cold-war period, but still worth watching.
