well it varies between airlines but we do it when cleared to an altitude on approach (when we transition from flight levels to local pressure basically)
so generally speaking. 30/40 miles or so from the airport.
but as thingemajib says, it seems to vary by operator. we dont have to turn anything on at 10,000 feet. well we generally do in the climb, but that's the seatbelt sign.
switches*, one for each side
also I have never heard of the pop out one but im sure they are around, if the vis is that bad anyway chances are the landing lights are off. because as most people know, you dont want your full beams on in the car. same as a plane