Just about the only thing we can think of that would cause detectable waves is the collision of two black holes. As they collide they spin around each other a lot, and thats the violent movement which causes ripples in spacetime.
There are two measurements, so we can see the speed of the wave (which is the speed of light, and confirms that gravitation are as massless as photons).
Speed of the wave, and the shape and size of the perturbance can be used to say approximately how big the two colliding masses were, and how far away using general relativity.