I think on the consumer side, there's probably very little you can do (and obtain) to test a SATA port for data issues other than using it and seeing if errors crop up with a drive attached, other than a physical checkup that is by checking contacts, voltages, etc. But that only checks for the physical aspects, contacts, etc so you still wouldn't know if the port itself might harbour issues that is not discernable physically.
Personally, I have a secondary system and use that as the basic checks on cables and drives there. If they are faultless there, then you can assume the SATA port on the first system is faulty. But of course this doesn't tell you what the problem is either, just that there is a problem.