4.2.6 Nighttime Searches.
Visual search at night depends almost entirely on peripheral vision.
This is due in part to the night blind spot that involves an area between 5 and 10 degrees
wide in the center of the visual field. By looking approximately 10 degrees below, above,
or to either side of an object, “off center” viewing can compensate for this night blind
spot. In order to perceive a very dim lighted object in a certain direction, the pilot should
not look directly at the object, but scan the area adjacent to it. Short stops of a few
seconds in each scan will help to detect the light and its movement. Lack of brightness
and color contrast in daytime and conflicting ground lights at night increase the difficulty
of detecting other aircraft. Modern aircraft lighting and light pulse systems present
a noticeable improvement toward detecting other aircraft in flight over previous legacy
systems. Many of these systems and light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs use less power, last
longer, and are brighter than minimum operating equipment, improving aircraft safety
in poor lighting conditions or reduced visibility (see paragraph 4.5). Operators should
consider installing these systems to improve operational safety. Pilots utilizing Night
Vision Imaging Systems (NVIS), such as night vision goggles (NVG), must be aware that
some LED obstruction and aircraft anticollision lighting may not be visible through the
NVGs. When flying with NVGs, pilots should also be looking around the binocular
assembly frequently, outside of the NVG view, to detect lighting that may not be visible
through the NVGs.