Yes very few are taken as 'one-shot colour', although better (more sensitive) cameras are available these days for doing simple RGB images of brighter objects as single colour photos. However, for colour-mapped 'narrow band' images such as that one shown the data is collected using 3 separate filters (having a very narrow 3nM bandwidth) and a mono camera. The colours are mapped as Green=Hydrogen alpha, Blue=Oxygen III and Red= Sulphur II and the filters only let through light matching those wavelengths. These are the ionised states of the three elements which glow at those wavelengths when stimulated by radiation from nearby bright stars. Further, each colour channel consists of multiple sub-frames which are stacked together to reduce noise in the image. In all, there may be 30 sub-frames ('subs') each of 20-30 minutes length, that's 10 for each channel, so a total of perhaps 15 hours exposure spread over several nights to generate that one image. Some images require much longer total exposures because the object is so faint.
Some images use RGB (Red/Green/Blue) broadband filters so the resulting images are called 'true colour', i.e., what your eye would see if it was sensitive enough to pick up the very dim light being emitted. An exmaple of an RGB image is below, the HorseHead and Flame Nebula region in Orion.:
Bet you wished you hadn't asked now lol