Carbon black is considered possibly carcinogenic to humans and classified as a Group 2B carcinogen, because there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals with inadequate evidence in human epidemiologic studies.[3] The body of evidence of carcinogenicity in animal studies comes from two chronic inhalation studies and two intratracheal instillation studies in rats, which showed significantly elevated rates of lung cancer in exposed animals.[3] An inhalation study was tested on mice, but did not show significantly elevated rates of lung cancer in exposed animals.[3] Epidemiologic data comes from three different cohort studies of carbon black production workers. Two studies, from the United Kingdom and Germany, with over 1,000 workers in each study group, showed elevated mortality from lung cancer in the carbon black workers.[3] Another study of over 5,000 workers in the United States did not show elevated mortality from lung cancer in the carbon black workers.[3] Newer findings of increased lung cancer mortality in an update from the UK study may suggest that carbon black could be a late-stage carcinogen.[11][12] However, a more recent and larger study from Germany did not confirm this hypothesis that carbon black acts as a late-stage carcinogen.[13]
In order to properly protect workers from inhalation of carbon black, respiratory personal protective equipment is recommended. The type of respiratory protection varies, depending on the concentration of carbon black used.[14]