You absolutely should be able to do the same on wireless as wired. Few more steps to try having read your router's manual:
1. Is it any different if you connect your laptop to the 2.4Ghz wireless network as the 5Ghz?
2. If you plug your laptop in via ethernet cable does it work?
3. Try enabling your guest networks and ticking the boxes that say, "allow guests to access my network"
4. With your desktop PC on, find out its IP address and ping/tracert from your wireless connected laptop to the desktop to se if you get a response.
5. Share a folder on your desktop PC and see if your wireless connected laptop can access that
6. Instead of trying to access \\192.168.1.1 try accessing \\tplinklogin.net
7. Do you logon to the laptop with the same username and password as your desktop. This article seems to suggest, as many cheap routers do, that you need to have manually setup users with the same credentials on both the router and the machines accessing them:
http://www.tp-link.com/en/faq-254.html
8. Same article suggests you can at least disable requiring a password but then I imagine you get less feedback when trying to access the storage as you seem to be experiencing. Perhaps add the user you log onto your laptop with on the router if its different.
9. If you do any of that restart the USB sharing service as directed in the article.
I hope there's something there that works or at least provides some results that can help us hone in on an answer