The solenoid is right under the engine and pretty hard to see any connections from it so I'm not sure. I had a good feel around the back to make sure every wire was in place but I'm not sure what does which.
This is where my main focus was:
http://www.askthemechanic.co.uk/images/Renault starter motor.jpg
Which seems absolutely fine and securely in place.
Not really sure what you mean by this, sorry!
the positive from the battery goes straight to the starter, to engage that 10mm cable or whatever size it is, normally quite big, the solenoid needs to move over when you turn the ignition switch. smaller wire to solenoid..
you can totally bypass everything with jump leads and a small amount of cable..
earth straight off battery to starter body, positive from battery to starter, where that bigger cable is, then another positive from the battery to the solenoid, smaller cable on starter.. make sure its out of gear and dont be too scared of sparks, leave ignition on, if the car turns over and starts you'll know its not the starter at fault..
if, when you turn the ignition switch, you hear a click, the solenoid is ok, if not, its the solenoid..
if you hear it click but still nothing, if you think the battery and cabling is ok, the bushes in the starter are probably worn out.. ive fixed this same problem on mine for 3 quid, got the stuff off ebay, very easy to service a starter motor..