C# is more like java than it is like C, both in terms of approach/appearance of the code as a developer, and with how it does self-managing object cleanup and garbage collection for memory handling.
A bit more geared towards object orientated design than C++ is (where you can do OO, but it's not as integral, and it lets you slip out to more traditional/procedural C when you feel like it, foregoing OO benefits). Like java, C# is a bit more insistent on the approach you take in developing the code.
It doesn't take long to adopt though, as there are some similarities in the appearance and readability of them all.
C++ sticks to its roots more so than the other languages that got sucked into the .Net framework and CLR, including still having access to 'unmanaged' memory where you have to alloc and free it yourself appropriately, or else end up with leaks / access violations. Pointers galore still.
Depending on the type of programs you want to try your hand at, may influence which language you will be most productive in. For Windows desktop apps, command line apps, then C# is likely your best bet for higher productivity. If you want unadulterated access to things like DirectX, then you really still need to work within C++ as the alternatives are far less mature.
In terms of the difference between editions, go with Express until you outgrow it. It will take something special like needing to develop multi-processor apps using specific technologies like OpenMP, or high-performance debugging and profiling, or needing plugins directly in the IDE for supporting test-driven development before you'd really need to switch to Pro.
Since there's no Standard edition anymore, the leap from Express to Pro is a large price to swallow if you're not going to need its features (right now). Making apps for the workplace or to sell using Express is permitted just fine, you're not required to upgrade to a fee-paid license for that. You shouldn't run into any incompatibility issues if you create projects in Express and later need to migrate them to Pro either.