Yes there are. ITX boards for ITX (often called mini-ITX) cases. Micro-ATX for Micro-ATX. ATX for ATX. E-ATX for E-ATX. The smaller boards are compatible with the larger ones due to motherboard standoff versatility (usually).
You'll come across cases described as "midi-tower", "full tower", "ultra tower" and so on, but the important thing to look for is the motherboard form factor they support.