A very quick reply - you don't mention the CPU or the gfx - are they still installed?
Could you describe exactly what is happening when you press power switch - i.e. what fans spin up, any screen info, hdd activity etc, how long it retains power...?
It's not the HDD which leaves the MB, CPU, PSU, gfx or other odd quirk.
Could you list your full spec details, including brand and wattage of PSU.
In the interim if you have a volt/multimeter to hand you could test the PSU - as this is always a leading contender with this type of problem - ideally you would test a known working PSU in the system.
Below are links to Huddy's site which has a step by step guide on how to test your PSU using a volt/multimeter:
'Use a multimeter to check your PSU' and one to
'How to check if your PSU is faulty'
Testing known working memory is also another good thing to eliminate - or test your memory in another machine.
It may be that you will have to setup a skeleton rig outside of the case to rule out shorting but we'll just muddle on with the above first.
Additional: Could you just clarify that all superfluous cables have been removed and all usb devices, case fans (not CPU fan) and peripherals have been detached?