A LED is basically a diode that lights up so unless you limit it's current it's a short circuit and you will fry it.
You can either use a passive component like a resistor to limit the current, or some kind of active driver.
Generally if your voltage is fixed and the LED only requires a small current to light it at optimum level a resistor is all you need.
For high power LEDs a resistor is way too inefficient at the high current that needs to be maintained. You would also get crazy swings in current with the slightest voltage change and a very hot resistor... these situations you need an active driver circuit