Then you're probably not keeping your shoulders pinned back and using them a lot more in the movement than you should be at least you know what the problem is
Once I'm more comfortable with squats I'll give deadlifts ago.
The bar should absolutely be close if not in contact with your legs, but this is not the only variable you need to worry about.
You don't need to use hook grip.
A belt will not prevent injury.
It's most likely that your hip hinge is terrible and you aren't using your core properly.