The eardrum is connected to a series of bones in the middle ear. This
series of bones acts like a lever system to conduct sound from the ear drum
to the inner ear where the sensation of hearing actually occurs. The
neural structures in the inner ear can be permanently damaged by exposure
to high level sounds. There are two small muscles in the middle ear behind
our eardrums that are connected to this series of bones. One muscle is the
tensor tympani and the other is the stapedius, the smallest muscle in our
body. These two muscles contract involuntarily in the presence of various
stimuli including high levels of sound in the case of the stapedius, and
very high levels of sound in the case of the tensor tympani.
For low level and moderate level sounds, up to about 90 dB sound pressure
level, these muscles show no activity. For sounds greater than 90 dB, the
stapedius muscle begins to contract involuntarily and contracts harder for
sounds that are louder. At very high sound levels, around 120 dB or so,
the tensor tympani contracts. When the muscles contract, they reduce the
sound vibrations going through the series of bones which has the effect of
reducing or damping the sound reaching the inner ear. Therefore, the most
common explanation of the function of these involuntary muscle contractions
is that they automatically protect the inner from loud sounds. Another
explanation for these muscle contractions, particularly for the stapedius
muscle, is that they automatically allow fine adjustments of the tension of
the ear drum to optimize sound transmission. In either case, the
contractions are involuntary and operate automatically without us being
aware of them.
Individuals in a small percentage of the population can contract these
muscles voluntarily even though the muscles normally contract only
involuntarily. The voluntary contraction of these muscles causes them to
vibrate not unlike the small vibrations in any muscle that is contracted
very hard, say the muscles in your arm. You perceive these contracted
middle ear muscle vibrations as a "rumbling noise" because the vibrations
are transmitted the middle ear bones and then to the inner ear. I suspect
that you are among this small percentage of the population who can
voluntarily contract the middle ear muscles.