Yes, CO2 concentration has an effect on temperature in the way I described. It's a simple process popularly known as the "greenhouse effect".
They take CO2 ppm measurements out in Hawaii as it's far away from any major sources of CO2 (cars, power stations) so they get a good average value. Sure it would be slightly higher in the rainforest (what's left of it).
CO2 so far is thought to have the largest effect. This opinion is changing, as methane for example is shown to also do a good job of keeping heat in. Yes, of course a large enough release of any gas would have an effect, for the better or worse.
Reputation cannot be bought, but exposure to the public can. This is the reason we have such widespread confusion about climate change. Exxon in particular has given billions of dollars to scientists to produce "climate skeptic" material. See exxonsecrets. Almost every "documentary" with a title like "the truth about global warming" etc. etc. will feature scientists documented on exxonsecrets, and the amount of money exxon have paid them.
Yep, plants breathe in CO2 and breathe out oxygen. But the increase in carbon dioxide we have seen can't be explained by that alone. You can measure the amount of carbon dioxide coming out of a car, plane, factory, power plant very accurately, and indeed get a good estimate of the CO2 output of forests. The big increase in the third graph in post 101 is mostly due to fossil fuel burning.