All modern cars have an ECU with map, most of them via a knock sensor will tune the timing to match the fuel. What can often happen is you get a dodgy tank and the ECu will detect knock, this will retard the ignition and give you lower power (but safe power). This where cheapo "get an extra 20bhp" fake chips do their thing messing with the sensor readings to trick the ECU, more power yes = more risk yes.
In the old Scooby days one trick was the famed ECU reset, this involved disconnecting the battery and letting the ECU backup reset, the car would then revert to the settings that assumed higher RON fuel, it would fairly quickly relearn but would be a bit faster till it did so. Multiple sets of "testing" were done, full throttle up steep hill with 5 up, vs a million other things.
Most cars will notice a diff on higher RON, you the driver will probably not. Higher RON = probably more advance and hence more power.
The key factor is the ECU and its ability to learn, some are horribly slow and some are faster, they all work the only way possible by advancing to the point of knock then backing off. They will not be great at doing this, and will have a limit, thats where custom ECUs come in that are mapped more specifically to your unique engine. If yo udo get a custom map you need to be very careful on fuel from that point. Some ECUs will never detect knock on our fuels as they are very high compared to a lot of countries.
Most of our cars would work on 90RON as the ECU would pull the timing right back really quickly.