I think it's premature to even guess how far this will go. It could be an isolated case, or the tip of an enormous iceberg, or anything in-between.
One report did suggest that the same testing that caught VW out passed a BMW (530D I think) without any problems. So it may merely highlight poor VW diesel engine design, and the rest are honest.
Or, just as LIBOR was only one banking scandal, indicating a skunk mindset in bankers, maybe BMW didn't pull that stunt because they didn't need to, but pulled some other equally obnoxious trickery instead. And maybe, so did everyone else.
Moreover, if bankers are skunks, and car makers prove to be skunks, who else, and over what? After all, even charities have been up to some pretty low tricks and if we can't trust whose whose whole reason for being is to selflessly help others, who can we trust?
I wish I could buy shares in cynicism. I'd make a fortune in the next few years.
Seems to me that we need a far, far more rigorous, and intelligent, testing regime, and it's first job is to retest a sample of cars from all manufacturers, or certainly, major ones. Oh, and an absolute ban on industry lobbying on the nature, design, or implementation of those tests. No more easy to rig processes.
My gut is that while this just might prove to be VW alone, US only, and diesel only, time will probably reveal it to be much more widespread.