How does it help to do that? Like unless someone is fully taking the Micky and actually at some music festival/all day rave with music blaring in the background etc.. then phoning up to call in sick doesn’t give much additional information. If you’ve got food poisoning or flu etc.. then a manager who isn’t medically qualified isn’t diagnosing it on the phone, in fact it opens it up to nonsense like “oh you don’t sound ill” etc... or even asking for details is a potential can of worms - like say a female employee has some private issue she’d rather not discuss with a male manager. This is the sort of policy that doesn’t really have a tangible benefit and opens up the potential for the sort of nonsesnse the OP had to deal with and/or potentially worse. That it’s common or standard in some places doesn’t necessarily mean it’s a good policy.
All I can say is that I've seen the data behind my organisation and the introduction of the rule and it absolutely has benefited, particularly single day absences on a Monday.