There are a couple of ways to operate in a contest, we tend to find a frequency and sit and call and wait for replies, the other way is to tune up and down through the band and listen for people doing what we do and then call them, this is the search and pounce method. We'll tune off of our spot a couple of times during the contest and pick up more people.
The exchange consists of callsign, signal strength, serial number and location. The planet is divided into a number of unique squares - More details of the system we use is
here and you can have a play
here to see how they work.
A typical contest contact would be like this...
[The initial call]
CQ CQ CQ contest, CQ contest, G0PKT golf zero papa kilo tango, contest
[The reply]
Golf one hotel charlie tango
[First part of exchange]
golf one hotel charlie tango, thank you, you are five nine, zero two six, juliet oscar zero one mike tango, qsl?
[Response]
qsl, you are five seven, zero zero two, india oscar nine three charlie whiskey, roger?
[Close]
roger, thank you, seven three and qrz contest
So we've exchanged callsigns (G0PKT and G1HCT),
signal reports, I gave 5-9 and he gave me 5-7. I gave him 026 serial number and he gave me 002, these increment for each contact and locators, ours is JO01MT and his was IO93CW. qsl? and qsl are part of the international q code in this context used as 'did you get that?' and 'yup' respectively. 73 is a ham term for best wishes and qrz is 'who is calling me' which gives anyone who is waiting the cue to leap in for the next contact.
These details are all logged, usually on computer now although up until fairly recently it was all done by pen and paper and then they are submitted to the contest adjudicator.
When it comes to checking the logs, if a single detail doesn't match up between the two stations then no points are given to either station for the contact so it's vital that all details are exchanged. When stations are weak with a signal report of something like 5-2 (technically the 5 means perfectly readable but even on a signal that is so weak it's practically unreadable it's very unusual to exchange anything other than a 5 although we do use 4 sometimes) it's not uncommon to have multiple exchanges to confirm details.
Not all signals are nice and strong. We get a lot of noise when our aerials are pointing directly over a nearby pub and that causes us big problems when we beam that way and there is a phenomenon called qsb which is effectively signal fading due to conditions. This can be quite bad, someone can call who is a good 5-9 signal but ten seconds later they've dropped to a 4-1 signal and then they may come back out of the noise.
Scoring is worked out as one point per kilometre all added together then multiplied by the number of squares spoken to, that's the larger main squares such as JO01 or IO93 as mentioned above in the example contact. We generally manage 18-20 squares per contest.