Surveys show that the nations with the highest degree of atheism 'include most of the nations of Europe, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, and Israel', whereas 'it is virtually nonexistent in most of Africa, South America, the Middle East, and Asia'.[3]
There have been various attempts to explain this unequal distribution. As Zuckerman notes, Norris and Inglehart,[4] often regarded as offering the leading explanation, have argued that high levels of atheism in a society are strongly correlated with high levels of societal health, such as low poverty rates and strong gender equality. Societies with adequate food distribution, good public health care, and accessible housing generally show a waning of religiosity, while societies where there is inadequate food and shelter and life is less secure show much higher levels of religious belief.[5] With the exception of Vietnam (81% nonbelievers in God) and Ireland (4%-5% nonbelievers in God) Norris and Inglehart maintain that the results of the available surveys corroborate their theory.[6]