They already have that in planes its called a QAR.
No, the Quick Access Recorder is a separate box to the FDR. It records various aircraft / engine parameters on to a media device, our aircraft use a PCMCIA card. On return to main base the card is replaced and read on a PC with the relevant software installed.
I don't know for sure what systems that 777 was using but the Boeing aircraft I work on transmit faults via ACARS and SATCOM from the central maintenance computer when a fault is detected. This is sent back to the Maintrol department which, using an Aircraft Health Monitoring system, can then interrogate the fault messages.
If the aircraft did have an airframe failure in flight then its entirely possible nothing was transmitted due to the speed of the break up.
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