Institutional racism, also known as
systemic racism, is a form of
racism that is embedded as normal practice within
society or an organization. It can lead to such issues as discrimination in
criminal justice,
employment,
housing,
health care,
political power, and
education, among other issues. It is important to recognize the harmful affects that institutional racism can have on people especially students in schools where it is prominent.
The term
institutional racism was first coined in 1967 by
Stokely Carmichael and
Charles V. Hamilton in
Black Power: The Politics of Liberation.
[2] Carmichael and Hamilton wrote that while individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its "less overt, far more subtle" nature. Institutional racism "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism]".
Institutional racism was defined by
Sir William Macpherson in the UK's
Lawrence report (1999) as: "The collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour that amount to discrimination through prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people."