I don't think being able to interpret the signs is particularly the problem for these systems - it's more identifying whether they're relevant, i.e. seeing signs on adjacent roads etc.
Agreed, add in also damaged or obscured signs to the mix and that seems to cover most of the issues I encounter.
Fundamentally UK speed limit signs are a trivial computer vision problem in theory, a clear undamaged and relevant sign is quite easily read and processed. Changing to QR codes wouldn't really change that but come with a huge cost. I doubt if many or any of the places where current systems fall over can be fixed by QR codes.