C1E reduces the core voltage/speed as the CPU idles. If it doesn't switch fast enough when a load appears there's not enough voltage for the overclocked speed and you get errors. Iirc with Gigabyte board C1E is disabled when using manual voltages, even if the C1E option is enabled. EIST is the Intel speedstep, kinda similar but with dynamic steps depending on load. With Turbo enabled and the other C-states you may have even had one of your cores using a x22 multi, 4.4Ghz, in single thread apps.
Having said all that the only one I don't use is C1E as I've seen problem. Still, even with all the Turbo, DVID, EIST, C5C6C7 etc, mines still stable over 4GHz. For years I avoided using any power-saving features, but I find it all seems to work fine. Generally, get it all stable. Then turn each back on one at a time until something gives.