I guess we'll never really know..., unless Intel produce dies with them removed, but from the benches I've seen, having the E-Cores disabled on 12-14th gen is mostly within margin of error when benched in games and for secondary tasks, the FPS loss is usually only a few percent on a 6-core CPU, but that's synthetic testing (e.g. always opening the same browser tabs and the same apps like Discord) so may not be representative of real world usage.I'm not sure this is really true. Apart from E-cores being useful to keep background stuff out of the way even if the game you're playing doesn't directly benefit from them, in terms of silicon you get four E-cores for the price of one P-core. Individually they're not offering as much, but four of them probably outweigh a single P-core a lot of the time.
That said, with Arrow Lake dropping Hyper Threading presumably the ratio of transistors P-Core to E-Core is much lower, but you're also getting less threads running on the P-Cores so... who knows?
Some games showed large increases with them enabled (Civ VI was one of those and DOTA 2, for some reason).
I'd say that they're only there to keep the CPU competitive in multithreading, Intel wouldn't want mainstream benchmarks like the Xeon E versus Epyc 4004 ones, since they'd make it look like a pretty bad CPU overall.