Our climate isn't benign, it's the most diverse of any area of similar size in the world. I would suggest that is one of the reason why we developed. The more problems you have to solve the more advance you become.
That made me smile! Even with the caveat of “any similar size” it’s still rather tenuous (most European countries are laughing to start with).
The UK has a mild, benign climate. The fact it’s just below freezing and there’s a couple of inches of snow on the ground and the “world” has stopped is a good example of that. Come back when the UK has 70C annual temperature swings (or 40C swings in 24 hours), when temperatures regularly hit +/-40C, when hurricanes and typhoons regularly batter the land, where feet of rain regularly fall etc. etc.
It’s also worth pointing out that the UK is in a temperate climate zone, it’s that because the climate is benign, no extremes.
When our development was on the similar level as Africa say after the Roman colonialist left, disease and life expectancy would have been just as bad if not worse here, cold winters kept the population down.
But it's that that made people learn and develop better farming which came about due to necessity. Where in Africa, hunter gathering with some subsistence farming was fine for a large part of the continent, so they didn't need to develop more intensive farming.
When we developed better farming methods that allowed to have more free time to develop other skills and so on, we get increasing progression in most generations.
Then add a lot off other competing European nations doing the same and having wars with them. Wars force tend to make advancements even faster than normal.
Africa stagnated, not because they were any less capable than Europeans, but because they didn't have any reason to improve. Population was reasonably stable.
You’re right regarding population, but it’s worth pointing out that European populations were reasonably stable as well. In fact the population has hardly changed in hundreds of years (increasing gradually) until the industrial revolution, when populations exploded.
The UKs population for example sat around 2-5 million for much of the last thousand plus years, until around the end of the 18th century, which is when it exploded and didn’t slow down until recently.
Here’s one example, with a chart for easy viewing (on phone so difficult to embed).
http://urbanrim.org.uk/population.htm
Mechanization was the key to that, not just farming techniques.
I’m not sure about your suggestion of stagnation either. There were plenty of wars, both between empires/kingdoms and more locally. Trade was quite advanced in many of the civilizations and some of the cities would have rivalled European ones at the time.
On the subject of farming, there certainly was extensive agriculture in parts of Africa. The problem is large tracts of it weren’t (and aren’t) particularly good for agriculture.
Here’s a chapter from a textbook that gives a good overview. Basically Environment (climate and poor soils), disease (both cattle and people) and population shortages were all issues.
https://www.aehnetwork.org/wp-conte...Production-Systems-in-Pre-Colonial-Africa.pdf
Growing crops in tropical and subtropical and desert climates is difficult. Soil and nutrients are eroded away by water and wind making actual good farmland quite sparse (mainly highlands where it’s cooler and soils can develop). The UK and much of Europe don’t/didn’t have this issue because our benign/temperate climate means we have thick, fertile souls. Zimbabwe and parts of South Africa are good examples of places with similar more temperate climates and good soils, hence why they was/have such good agricultural land.
There’s an interesting point in that link that I’d never really considered before. Much of Africa is at its own latitude relative to attached land, meaning there’s a lot less foodstuffs that will grow there. Again, Europe was lucky because we could grow the same crops as those developed in the Middle East, sub Saharan Africa not so much. The introduction of Maize from South America was a massive change.
Africa has a lot of problems because it's had an increase in population that doesn't match it development level. European interference/help has allowed the population to grow faster than if would have if we had left them alone.
(Partially) agreed.
Africa is one of the few places left that still has huge herds of wild animals, and huge tracts of “pristine” land. That’s all going to disappear to cope with the population increase unfortunately. Unless we can help countries get over the population explosion jump quickly (increased development, education and prosperity).