Look at the engine block, the name gives it away pretty much. But to be 100% sure go on MCN and search for a review as it tells you what engine configuration has been used on that bike.
You just get to know the bikes - but a basic rule of thumb is jap bike = IL4 italian = v-twin.
Ducati don't make anothing but v-twins, same (mostly) for Aprilia. Suzuki are mostly IL4, apart from the v-strom and sv650 and maybe one or more. Then there's loads of parralel twins, and the the yamaha and truimph triples.
TallPaul S is right, but its even easier than that! Especially on naked bikes were you can see the whole engine pretty much.
V-Twin = 2 Cylinders in a V shape.
IL4 = In line 4 cylinders
Parallel Twin = Seriously?
V4 - Similiar to V-Twin but has 4 Cylinders instead of 2.
And so on...
It gets a bit trickier with Sports bike, but over the time just by hearing the bike you can figure out what engine config it is. Most sports are IL4 anyways
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