It's super complex, everything can have an effect power efficiency from the obvious like the size and design of the transistors themselves to the architecture all the way through to the software stack (firmware/drivers).Something which is annoying on the Ryzen Z1 Extreme - the CPU will sit there at idle barely using any power, the GPU part of the SoC is still guzzling down 4-5 watt despite hardly doing anything.
WikiChip Fuse did an article on the first RDNA (RX 5700) a few year back that may give you a better idea of the sorts of architectural design choices AMD made and how everything from what type of signalling is used on the memory to the width of internal buses can effect power efficiency.
Radeon RX 5700: Navi and the RDNA Architecture
A look at AMD's Radeon RX 5700 GPU built on a 7-nanometer process based on the new Navi microarchitecture and RDNA graphics architecture.
fuse.wikichip.org