This bit is quite interesting:
"Despite the declines seen in the above three countries, opioid consumption rates increased in many other HICs over the same period. Although the opioid consumption rate has gradually declined in the UK since 2016, it had the highest MME rate in the world in 2019. The INCB assigned the UK a global ranking of 19 for the total average consumption of narcotic drugs (in DDDs for statistical purposes per million inhabitants per day) from 2017 to 2019. However, this estimated total for the UK did not include codeine, tramadol, buprenorphine, and tapentadol. In 2019, these opioids accounted for 53% of total MME opioid consumption in the UK [codeine, 32%; tramadol, 12%; buprenorphine (for analgesic use) 7%; tapentadol, 2%].
Previous research has noted high levels of opioid use in the UK, and discussed concern about an incipient opioid crisis. However, many factors blamed for the crisis in the US do not prevail in the UK context (in the UK centralised oversight is relatively strong, there is not a consumerist approach to health care delivery, and financial incentives to enhance customer satisfaction are relatively absent), suggesting that other mechanisms are in play."