Crazy to think that when Charles Babbage first showed his friends his (entirely mechanical) adding machine they thought it was a magic trick and one guest was found trying to break it open (presumably thinking a dwarf was inside with an abacus).
Wonder what they'd make of a modern computer!
They'd probably adapt to it faster because it would be
far easier to use. The people who wanted to know how it worked would have a hard time, but that wouldn't affect many people. Only a tiny percentage of people today know how a computer works despite computers being everywhere and almost everyone having at least 1 general purpose computer. Most Victorians would be able to grasp using a modern computer, same as most people today. The idea of new technology wasn't alien to them. In some ways, less so for them than for us. It was a time of dramatic increases in knowledge and technology. A large tunnel was being dug
under the Thames! Wider than almost every road, wide enough for 4 vehicles. Hundreds of carts and carriages would pass through every day. Remarkable! Phone calls and text messages would be quite understandable to people who knew about telegraphy and
expected huge advances in technology. A text message is just a telegram. Faster and easier to send and receive, but not fundamentally different.
I think they'd freak at the details of exactly how a computer works, but I also think most of them would adapt to using one as easily as most people adapted to using trains, cars, electricity, etc.
I didn't think Babbage ever got his difference engine built, but if he did demonstrate a prototype then a trick with a person inside was a plausible explanation. Babbage's friends would have been well aware of The Turk, which was very famous at the time. It was a machine that played chess that was widely exhibited in Europe and America for decades (including the UK), attracting a lot of attention. At least some of Babbage's friends would have seen it and all of them would have known of it. It was presented as an automaton, a moving machine. They'd existed for millenia. But one that played chess? Was that possible? Of course, everyone+dog wanted to know how it worked. The idea that it was an illusion with the device being controlled by a person inside it was of course widely suggested (and true), but nobody was allowed to examine it.
I'm assuming that the context is Babbage's friends coming forward in time. Modern computers being taken back in time in large quantities would be a different thing entirely, radically changing history.