I haven't read all of the posts, but around 6 years ago or so I had endless issues with Windows updates and it ended up being a faulty NVMe drive. I tested it with a load of tools and they all passed, I RMA'd it and it went back to Samsung and they confirmed it was faulty. Once the new one was in I didn't have any more issues.
It is a possibility. But from beating it with a hammer it seems to be either a specific recent update or the combination of some recent updates which is causing a problem with the Windows update backend somehow - but whatever combination I've tried so far it still breaks when it gets to a certain point even though individually none of the updates is seeming to cause it.
EDIT: I think I'm making progress sort of - but the hardware is so scraping the barrel for Windows 10 it is slowing going at the best of times.